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''The Arts of War'' and ''The Arts of Peace'' are bronze, fire-gilded statue groups on Lincoln Memorial Circle in West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C., in the United States. Commissioned in 1929 to complement the plaza constructed on the east side of the Lincoln Memorial as part of the Arlington Memorial Bridge approaches, their completion was delayed until 1939 for budgetary reasons. The models were placed into storage, and the statues not cast until 1950. They were erected in 1951, and repaired in 1974. The Arts of War were sculpted by Leo Friedlander, an American sculptor. The Art Deco statuary group consists of two separate elements, "Valor" and "Sacrifice", which frame the entrance to Arlington Memorial Bridge. The Arts of Peace were sculpted by James Earle Fraser, an American sculptor. The Neoclassical statuary group consists of two separate elements, "Music and Harvest" and "Aspiration and Literature", which frame the entrance to the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway. ''The Arts of War'' and ''The Arts of Peace'' are contributing properties to the East and West Potomac Parks Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 30, 1973.〔(''East and West Potomac Parks.'' Nomination Form for Federal Properties. Form 10-306 (Oct. 1972). National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. November 30, 1973, p. 37. ) Accessed 2013-09-27.〕 ==Arlington Memorial Bridge and Rock Creek Parkway== Congress first proposed a new bridge across the Potomac River, to be located somewhere between B Street NW and Georgetown in 1886.〔Horne, p. 253.〕 Designs were proposed in 1886〔Myer, p. 142.〕 and 1898,〔Scott, p. 118.〕〔"Approve Bridge Plan." ''Washington Post.'' April 10, 1900.〕 but neither was built. A new location became available in 1890. Terrible floods hit the District of Columbia in 1881. Congress enacted legislation to have the channel of the Potomac River deepened to help prevent future flooding. The silt would be used to reclaim the Tiber Creek tidal inlet, building up the land south of B Street and west of the Washington Monument grounds to a height great enough to act as a levee.〔Tindall, p. 396; Gutheim and Lee, p. 94-97; Bednar, p. 47.〕 This work was largely complete by 1890, and designated West Potomac Park by Congress in 1897.〔Gutheim and Lee, p. 96-97.〕 During this same period, Columbia Island formed as an offshoot of Analostan Island.〔Office of Conservation, Interpretation, and Use, p. 48-49; Moore and Jackson, p. 91.〕 The combination of reclaimed land and the emergence of a new island meant that it was now possible to build a bridge even further south than the previously proposed locations. In 1902, the Senate Park Commission proposed in its so-called McMillan Plan that a bridge be built from the west end of West Potomac Park (which the commission successfully proposed as the site for the Lincoln Memorial) across the Potomac River to Arlington National Cemetery. This bridge would be aligned with Arlington House, and act as memorial to the unification of the nation after the American Civil War.〔Abrams, p. 117; Gutheim and Lee, p. 134-135.〕 No action was taken to implement the Senate Park Commission's proposal for 12 years. Congress finally enacted the Public Buildings Act on March 4, 1913, which, among other things, created and funded an Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission (AMBC) whose purpose was to design the bridge and report back to Congress. But due to the onset of World War I, Congress appropriated no money for the commission's operation and it remained inactive.〔(Sherrill, p. 21-25 ) Accessed 2013-04-15.〕 Another proposal of the McMillan Plan was the creation of a number of parkways throughout the D.C. area. Among these was the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, which the Senate Park Commission suggested extend from E Street NW through Rock Creek Park to the National Zoological Park.〔Gutheim and Lee, p. 138.〕 Congress authorized construction of the parkway in March 1913 and principal construction began in 1923.〔(''Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway. (Reservation Mo. 360) District of Columbia.'' HABS No. DC-697. Historic American Buildiiigs Survey. National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1992, p. 1. ) Accessed 2013-09-23.〕 Congress finally authorized construction of the Arlington Memorial Bridge in 1925. Major traffic jams clogged the narrow and decrepit Highway Bridge during the November 1921 dedication of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery, angering members of Congress and President Warren G. Harding. Recognizing the need for a new bridge, Congress enacted legislation in June 1922 funding at last the work of the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission.〔Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910-1995'', p. 16; "President Urges Funds for Bridge." ''Washington Post.'' January 14, 1922; Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, p. 30.〕 The bridge commission on April 4, 1923, chose the architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White to design the structure. Architect William Mitchell Kendall was the lead designer.〔Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910-1995'', p. 17.〕〔McKim, Mead and White only had responsibility for the architectural features of the bridge. The bridge commission turned over engineering aspects of the bridge to the United States Army Corps of Engineers on June 29, 1922. See: Christian, William Edmund. "The Arlington Memorial Bridge." ''Washington Post.'' November 1, 1925.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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